Amendments to the Romes Statute of the International Criminal Court on the Crime of Aggression in Wikipedia
An archival copy made before posted on Wikipedia (*with occasional additions)
Crime of aggression
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Crime of Aggression is a crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ("the Statute") that was agreed to fall within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC or "the Court") in the 2010 Kampala Review Conference ("the Conference") by its State Parties.[1][2] At the Conference in June 11, 2010 a total of 111 State Parties to the Court agreed by consensus to adopt resolution RC/Res.6 to accept the definition of the crime and the conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction over this crime[3].
The adopted amendments to the Statute included deletion of Article 5.2 of the Rome Statute that formerly stated "The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression once a provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations."[4] and additions of Article 8 bis and Article 15 bis/ter that defined the "crime of aggression" and conditions on the exercise of jurisdiction over the "crime of aggression," respectively.
The relevant revisions to the Statute, however has not been entered into force yet as of May 14, 2012.
Contents
[hide]
[edit]Definition
Under the Statute, the definition of "crime of aggression" is stated as follows:
[edit]Article 8bis
- 1. For the purpose of this Statute, “crime of aggression” means the planning, preparation, initiation or execution, by a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a State, of an act of aggression which, by its character, gravity and scale, constitutes a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations.
- 2. For the purpose of paragraph 1, “act of aggression” means the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations. Any of the following acts, regardless of a declaration of war, shall, in accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974, qualify as an act of aggression:
- (a) The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or anyannexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof;
- (b) Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State;
- (c) The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State;
- (d) An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State;
- (e) The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State with the agreement of the receiving State, in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement;
- (f) The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State;
- (g) The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State of such gravity as to amount to the acts listed above, or its substantial involvement therein.
[edit]Exercise of jurisdiction
Under the Statute, the conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction for the "crime of aggression" by the Court are as defined below. With these provisions, the Court may exercise its jurisdiction over the "crime of aggression" in one or all of the following three ways.
- With prior authorization of the Pre-trial Division and determination by the Security Council
- State referral, proprio motu
- Security Council referral
[edit]Article 15 bis
Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (State referral, proprio motu)
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with article 13, paragraphs (a) and (c), subject to the provisions of this article.
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties.
- The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute.
- The Court may, in accordance with article 12, exercise jurisdiction over a crime of aggression, arising from an act of aggression committed by a State Party, unless that State Party has previously declared that it does not accept such jurisdiction by lodging a declaration with the Registrar. The withdrawal of such a declaration may be effected at any time and shall be considered by the State Party within three years.
- In respect of a State that is not a party to this Statute, the Court shall not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression when committed by that State’s nationals or on its territory.
- Where the Prosecutor concludes that there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation in respect of a crime of aggression, he or she shall first ascertain whether the Security Council has made a determination of an act of aggression committed by the State concerned. The Prosecutor shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the situation before the Court, including any relevant information and documents.
- Where the Security Council has made such a determination, the Prosecutor may proceed with the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression.
- Where no such determination is made within six months after the date of notification, the Prosecutor may proceed with the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression, provided that the Pre-Trial Division has authorized the commencement of the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression in accordance with the procedure contained in article 15, and the Security Council has not decided otherwise in accordance with article 16.
- A determination of an act of aggression by an organ outside the Court shall be without prejudice to the Court’s own findings under this Statute.
- This article is without prejudice to the provisions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction with respect to other crimes referred to in article 5.
[edit]Article 15 ter
Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (Security Council referral)
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with article 13, paragraph (b), subject to the provisions of this article.
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties.
- The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute.
- A determination of an act of aggression by an organ outside the Court shall be without prejudice to the Court’s own findings under this Statute.
- This article is without prejudice to the provisions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction with respect to other crimes referred to in article 5.
[edit]Entry into force
Under the Statute, all and each revisions to the Statute must be ratified by minimum of thirty (30) States Parties. In addition to this general provision, entry into force of the revisions concerning the "Crimes of Aggression" require the following, which is required for both provisions on state referrals (15 bis) and Security Council referrals (15 ter):
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties.
- The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute.
States Parties to the Amendments
As of 14 May 2012, one (1) State Party has ratified or acceded to the amendments to the Rome Statute.[5] In 8 May 2012, Liechtenstein ratified the Amendments on the crime of aggression to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court thereby becoming the first state to ratify the amendments[6] [7]. The states parties are shown in alphabetical order according to their official name within the Assembly of States Parties.[8]
State party Signed Ratified or acceded Entry into force 
Liechtenstein11 June 2010 8 May 2012 9 May 2013
[edit]Related Provisions
The following article(s) are related with the adopted amendments concerning the provision on "crime of aggression".
[edit]Article 13
Exercise of jurisdiction
- The Court may exercise its jurisdiction with respect to a crime referred to in article 5 in accordance with the provisions of this Statute if:
- (a) A situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by a State Party in accordance with article 14;
- (b) A situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by the Security Council acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations; or
- (c) The Prosecutor has initiated an investigation in respect of such a crime in accordance with article 15.
[edit]See Also
- War of aggression
- Right of Conquest
- Command responsibility
- Crime against peace
- Peremptory norm
- International criminal law
- International law
- Jus ad bellum
- Legality of the Iraq War
- List of war crimes
- Nuremberg Principles
- War crime
- War of liberation
[edit]Notes and references
- ^ Review Conference of the Rome Statute concludes in Kampala
- ^ "ICC nations define crime of aggression". Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ [http://www2.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/RC-Res.6-ENG.pdf "Resolution RC/Res.6 !"]. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ Part 2. Jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable law. Article 5.
[edit]External links
- Resolution RC/Res.6 - Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression
- Review Conference - Official Site of the Assembly of States Parties
- Crime of Aggression - Official Site of the Assembly of States Parties
An archival copy made before posted on Wikipedia (*with occasional additions)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Crime of Aggression is a crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ("the Statute") that was agreed to fall within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC or "the Court") in the 2010 Kampala Review Conference ("the Conference") by its State Parties.[1][2] At the Conference in June 11, 2010 a total of 111 State Parties to the Court agreed by consensus to adopt resolution RC/Res.6 to accept the definition of the crime and the conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction over this crime[3].
The adopted amendments to the Statute included deletion of Article 5.2 of the Rome Statute that formerly stated "The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression once a provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations."[4] and additions of Article 8 bis and Article 15 bis/ter that defined the "crime of aggression" and conditions on the exercise of jurisdiction over the "crime of aggression," respectively.
The relevant revisions to the Statute, however has not been entered into force yet as of May 14, 2012.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Definition
Under the Statute, the definition of "crime of aggression" is stated as follows:
[edit]Article 8bis
- 1. For the purpose of this Statute, “crime of aggression” means the planning, preparation, initiation or execution, by a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a State, of an act of aggression which, by its character, gravity and scale, constitutes a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations.
- 2. For the purpose of paragraph 1, “act of aggression” means the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations. Any of the following acts, regardless of a declaration of war, shall, in accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974, qualify as an act of aggression:
- (a) The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or anyannexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof;
- (b) Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State;
- (c) The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State;
- (d) An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State;
- (e) The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State with the agreement of the receiving State, in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement;
- (f) The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State;
- (g) The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State of such gravity as to amount to the acts listed above, or its substantial involvement therein.
[edit]Exercise of jurisdiction
Under the Statute, the conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction for the "crime of aggression" by the Court are as defined below. With these provisions, the Court may exercise its jurisdiction over the "crime of aggression" in one or all of the following three ways.
- With prior authorization of the Pre-trial Division and determination by the Security Council
- State referral, proprio motu
- Security Council referral
[edit]Article 15 bis
Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (State referral, proprio motu)
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with article 13, paragraphs (a) and (c), subject to the provisions of this article.
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties.
- The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute.
- The Court may, in accordance with article 12, exercise jurisdiction over a crime of aggression, arising from an act of aggression committed by a State Party, unless that State Party has previously declared that it does not accept such jurisdiction by lodging a declaration with the Registrar. The withdrawal of such a declaration may be effected at any time and shall be considered by the State Party within three years.
- In respect of a State that is not a party to this Statute, the Court shall not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression when committed by that State’s nationals or on its territory.
- Where the Prosecutor concludes that there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation in respect of a crime of aggression, he or she shall first ascertain whether the Security Council has made a determination of an act of aggression committed by the State concerned. The Prosecutor shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the situation before the Court, including any relevant information and documents.
- Where the Security Council has made such a determination, the Prosecutor may proceed with the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression.
- Where no such determination is made within six months after the date of notification, the Prosecutor may proceed with the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression, provided that the Pre-Trial Division has authorized the commencement of the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression in accordance with the procedure contained in article 15, and the Security Council has not decided otherwise in accordance with article 16.
- A determination of an act of aggression by an organ outside the Court shall be without prejudice to the Court’s own findings under this Statute.
- This article is without prejudice to the provisions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction with respect to other crimes referred to in article 5.
[edit]Article 15 ter
Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (Security Council referral)
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with article 13, paragraph (b), subject to the provisions of this article.
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties.
- The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute.
- A determination of an act of aggression by an organ outside the Court shall be without prejudice to the Court’s own findings under this Statute.
- This article is without prejudice to the provisions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction with respect to other crimes referred to in article 5.
[edit]Entry into force
Under the Statute, all and each revisions to the Statute must be ratified by minimum of thirty (30) States Parties. In addition to this general provision, entry into force of the revisions concerning the "Crimes of Aggression" require the following, which is required for both provisions on state referrals (15 bis) and Security Council referrals (15 ter):
- The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties.
- The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute.
States Parties to the Amendments
As of 14 May 2012, one (1) State Party has ratified or acceded to the amendments to the Rome Statute.[5] In 8 May 2012, Liechtenstein ratified the Amendments on the crime of aggression to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court thereby becoming the first state to ratify the amendments[6] [7]. The states parties are shown in alphabetical order according to their official name within the Assembly of States Parties.[8]
| State party | Signed | Ratified or acceded | Entry into force |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liechtenstein | 11 June 2010 | 8 May 2012 | 9 May 2013 |
[edit]Related Provisions
The following article(s) are related with the adopted amendments concerning the provision on "crime of aggression".
[edit]Article 13
Exercise of jurisdiction
- The Court may exercise its jurisdiction with respect to a crime referred to in article 5 in accordance with the provisions of this Statute if:
- (a) A situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by a State Party in accordance with article 14;
- (b) A situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by the Security Council acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations; or
- (c) The Prosecutor has initiated an investigation in respect of such a crime in accordance with article 15.
[edit]See Also
- War of aggression
- Right of Conquest
- Command responsibility
- Crime against peace
- Peremptory norm
- International criminal law
- International law
- Jus ad bellum
- Legality of the Iraq War
- List of war crimes
- Nuremberg Principles
- War crime
- War of liberation
[edit]Notes and references
- ^ Review Conference of the Rome Statute concludes in Kampala
- ^ "ICC nations define crime of aggression". Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ [http://www2.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/RC-Res.6-ENG.pdf "Resolution RC/Res.6 !"]. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ Part 2. Jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable law. Article 5.
[edit]External links
- Resolution RC/Res.6 - Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression
- Review Conference - Official Site of the Assembly of States Parties
- Crime of Aggression - Official Site of the Assembly of States Parties
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